They are three well_recognised forms of hyperthyroidism
1. Graves' diseases (diffuse toxic goiter offen associated with exophthalmos)
2.Plummer's diseases (toxic multinodular goiter )
3.Toxic uninodular goiter (toxic adenoma )
This three types of hyperthyroidism are usually recognised easily by careful physical examination and radioisotope thyroidal scanning when other less common forms of hyperthyroidism have been excluded.
Additional types of hyperthyroidism listed by Committee on Nomenclature of the American Thyroid Association, are only rarely recognised clinically.
We have observed examples of some of these uncommon forms of hyperthyroidism and several varieties not specifically listed by the Committee on Nomenclature.
Since the etiology of the hyperthyroidism and appropriate treatment are quite variable, recognition of these rare forms of a common disorder is important. Some of these clinically situations represent variation of the common forms of hyperthyroidism with aspects that are potentially confusing and diagnostically challenging.
The purpose of this report is to review these less common varieties of hyperthyroidism from our own experience and that reported by others.
Iodide-induced hyperthyroidism was first recognised following the widespread use of iodine for goiter prophylaxis.
In 1925 Kimball reported his experience of 309 patients in whom hyperthyroidism was thought to occur the following the administration of iodine.
Most of these patients had long-standing goiters which were clinically or microscopycally adenomatous (multinodular). He emphasized that hyperthyroidism seemed related to the addition of prophylactic amounts of iodine to salt in only six of this case(2%) and that all others had received large amount of iodine(5-10 drops of Lugol's solution per day ot its equivalent).
More recent report have suggested that even small amounts of iodine may cause hyperthyroidism when previous iodine deficiency was present.
The following case demonstratest that patients with multinodular goiters of long duration living in area without endemic iodine deficiency, may develop hyperthyroidism after receiving large doses of iodine.
SOURCE FROM:
http://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Citation/1973/05000/Unusual_Types_of_Hyperthyroidism.2.aspx
Thursday, June 10, 2010
Friday, June 4, 2010
PROF. EMMETT LEITH
Prof. Emmett Leith was born in Detroit, Michigan, on March 12, 1927, and received all three of his degrees, B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in physics, from Wayne State University, in 1949, 1952, and 1978, respectively. He spent his entire 50-year professional career at the University of Michigan. He was first employed as a research assistant (1952–1956) and then promoted to a research associate (1956–1960) at Willow Run Laboratories (WRL). In 1960, his research group at WRL was moved to the University of Michigan Institute of Science and Technology where he became a research engineer. He was appointed an associate professor of electrical engineering in 1965 and promoted to full professor in 1968.
In 1963, Emmett and Upatnieks introduced the technique of diffuse illumination to demonstrate the first high-quality holograms of three-dimensional objects. In Emmett’s own words: “We … found that the images formed from such holograms produced startling images, fully 3-D, without the need for viewing with special glasses, and had all of the usual properties of actual objects, including full parallax. One could move one’s head and peer ehind obscuring structures to see what was hidden behind, just as if one were viewing the actual objects.” When they presented their results publicly at the Annual Optical Society of America Meeting in the spring of 1964, they created quite a sensation.
Emmett Leith was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1982. In addition to this honor, he received many awards, including the National Medal of Science (1979), the IEEE Morris Liebmann Memorial Award (1968), the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute (1969), the R.W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America (1975), the Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America (1985), and the Gold Medal of the SPIE (1990). Emmett supervised the research of 43 Ph.D. students at Michigan, and he regularly taught a variety of courses on basic optics and optical signal processing.
Emmett’s work on SAR and holography had an enormous technical impact and was a major driving force in shaping the field of optical signal processing. In addition to his educational and scientific contributions, his work spurred many commercial applications that now comprise a multi-billion dollar industry. Emmett, a humble individual by nature, loved his work and remained active in his field until the time of his death.
THE MAN BEHIND HOLOGRAM TECHNOLOGY
Holography dates from 1947, when British / Hungarian scientist Dr. Dennis Gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope.
About Dr. Dennis Gábor(Adapted from his autobiography)Dr. Dennis Gábor(b. 1900, Budapest - d. 1979, London)Nobel Prize in Physics, 1971 for his investigation and development of holography.
Dr. Dennis Gábor was born in Budapest (Hungary) on 5 June 1900. He studied electrical engineering first in Budapest, later in Berlin from Techniscje Hochschule, where he finished his academic education with the award of Doctorate of Engineering in 1927. His doctorate work was the development of one of the first high speed cathode ray oscillographs and in the course of this, made the first iron-shrouded magnetic electron lens. In 1927 he joined Siemens & Halske AG Berlin, where he started investigations on gas discharges and plasmas. The most far reaching result of his six years with Siemens & Halske was his invention of the molybdenum tape seal, which is used to this day in all high-pressure quartz-mercury lamps. In what Dennis calls his “first lesson in serendipity,” he invented the mercury lamp while attempting to develop a cadmium lamp which proved unsuccessful.
In 1934 Gabor went to the British Thomson-Houston Co. Research Laboratory, Rugby, England, on an inventor’s agreement. . His work on gas discharge tubes gave him recognition in the BTH Research Laboratory where he remained until 1948. He also developed a system of stereoscopic cinematography, and in the last year at BTH carried out the basic experiments in holography, called “wave front reconstruction”.
On January 1, 1949 he joined the Imperial College of Science & Technology in London, first as a Reader in Electronics, and later as Professor of Applied Electron Physics, until 1967. From 1949-67 Gabor carried out some 20, mostly experimental, investigations with his Ph.D. assistants. They cleared up the “Langmuir Paradox”; the surprisingly fast apparent establishment of Maxwellian distributions of electrons in a low-pressure plasma, which had worried Gabor for 25 years. They also made a Wilson cloud chamber, in which the velocity of particles became measurable by impressing on them a high frequency, critical field, which produced time marks on the paths, at the points of maximum ionization. They also developed: a holographic microscope; a new electron-velocity spectroscope; an analogue computer which was a universal, non-linear “learning” predictor, recognizer and simulator of time series; a flat, thin color television tube; and a new type of thermionic converter. Theoretical work included communication theory, plasma theory, magnetron theory, and a scheme of fusion.
After his retirement in 1967 he remained connected with the Imperial College as a Senior Research Fellow and became Staff Scientist of CBS Laboratories, Stamford, Conn. where he collaborated with the President, life-long friend, and father of the color television, Dr. Peter C. Goldmark, in many new schemes of communication and display. Though he was always a passionate scientist and inventor, he was almost equally interested in social problems. In his spare time he wrote the books Inventing the Future (1963), Innovations (1970), and The Mature Society (1972).He wrote, “Though I still have much unfinished technological work on my hands, I consider this as my first priority in my remaining years.”(Editor’s Note: He passed away on 9 July 1979 in London.)
BRIEF HISTORY OF HOLOGRAM
1947: Denis Gabor invents theory of holography
1960: Invention of laser helps hologram development
1962: Leith and Upatnieks make first laser hologram of toy train and bird
1977: Royal Academy stages Light Fantastic show
2003: Stephen Benton, inventor of credit card holograms, dies
In 1963, Emmett and Upatnieks introduced the technique of diffuse illumination to demonstrate the first high-quality holograms of three-dimensional objects. In Emmett’s own words: “We … found that the images formed from such holograms produced startling images, fully 3-D, without the need for viewing with special glasses, and had all of the usual properties of actual objects, including full parallax. One could move one’s head and peer ehind obscuring structures to see what was hidden behind, just as if one were viewing the actual objects.” When they presented their results publicly at the Annual Optical Society of America Meeting in the spring of 1964, they created quite a sensation.
Emmett Leith was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1982. In addition to this honor, he received many awards, including the National Medal of Science (1979), the IEEE Morris Liebmann Memorial Award (1968), the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute (1969), the R.W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America (1975), the Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America (1985), and the Gold Medal of the SPIE (1990). Emmett supervised the research of 43 Ph.D. students at Michigan, and he regularly taught a variety of courses on basic optics and optical signal processing.
Emmett’s work on SAR and holography had an enormous technical impact and was a major driving force in shaping the field of optical signal processing. In addition to his educational and scientific contributions, his work spurred many commercial applications that now comprise a multi-billion dollar industry. Emmett, a humble individual by nature, loved his work and remained active in his field until the time of his death.
THE MAN BEHIND HOLOGRAM TECHNOLOGY
Holography dates from 1947, when British / Hungarian scientist Dr. Dennis Gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope.
About Dr. Dennis Gábor(Adapted from his autobiography)Dr. Dennis Gábor(b. 1900, Budapest - d. 1979, London)Nobel Prize in Physics, 1971 for his investigation and development of holography.
Dr. Dennis Gábor was born in Budapest (Hungary) on 5 June 1900. He studied electrical engineering first in Budapest, later in Berlin from Techniscje Hochschule, where he finished his academic education with the award of Doctorate of Engineering in 1927. His doctorate work was the development of one of the first high speed cathode ray oscillographs and in the course of this, made the first iron-shrouded magnetic electron lens. In 1927 he joined Siemens & Halske AG Berlin, where he started investigations on gas discharges and plasmas. The most far reaching result of his six years with Siemens & Halske was his invention of the molybdenum tape seal, which is used to this day in all high-pressure quartz-mercury lamps. In what Dennis calls his “first lesson in serendipity,” he invented the mercury lamp while attempting to develop a cadmium lamp which proved unsuccessful.
In 1934 Gabor went to the British Thomson-Houston Co. Research Laboratory, Rugby, England, on an inventor’s agreement. . His work on gas discharge tubes gave him recognition in the BTH Research Laboratory where he remained until 1948. He also developed a system of stereoscopic cinematography, and in the last year at BTH carried out the basic experiments in holography, called “wave front reconstruction”.
On January 1, 1949 he joined the Imperial College of Science & Technology in London, first as a Reader in Electronics, and later as Professor of Applied Electron Physics, until 1967. From 1949-67 Gabor carried out some 20, mostly experimental, investigations with his Ph.D. assistants. They cleared up the “Langmuir Paradox”; the surprisingly fast apparent establishment of Maxwellian distributions of electrons in a low-pressure plasma, which had worried Gabor for 25 years. They also made a Wilson cloud chamber, in which the velocity of particles became measurable by impressing on them a high frequency, critical field, which produced time marks on the paths, at the points of maximum ionization. They also developed: a holographic microscope; a new electron-velocity spectroscope; an analogue computer which was a universal, non-linear “learning” predictor, recognizer and simulator of time series; a flat, thin color television tube; and a new type of thermionic converter. Theoretical work included communication theory, plasma theory, magnetron theory, and a scheme of fusion.
After his retirement in 1967 he remained connected with the Imperial College as a Senior Research Fellow and became Staff Scientist of CBS Laboratories, Stamford, Conn. where he collaborated with the President, life-long friend, and father of the color television, Dr. Peter C. Goldmark, in many new schemes of communication and display. Though he was always a passionate scientist and inventor, he was almost equally interested in social problems. In his spare time he wrote the books Inventing the Future (1963), Innovations (1970), and The Mature Society (1972).He wrote, “Though I still have much unfinished technological work on my hands, I consider this as my first priority in my remaining years.”(Editor’s Note: He passed away on 9 July 1979 in London.)
BRIEF HISTORY OF HOLOGRAM
1947: Denis Gabor invents theory of holography
1960: Invention of laser helps hologram development
1962: Leith and Upatnieks make first laser hologram of toy train and bird
1977: Royal Academy stages Light Fantastic show
2003: Stephen Benton, inventor of credit card holograms, dies
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